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<p class="HTMLBody" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:115%"><b><u><span style="font-size:26.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Monotype Corsiva"">Meteorology Seminar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="HTMLBody" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:28.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Monotype Corsiva"">Allison Ronan</span></b><span style="font-size:28.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Monotype Corsiva""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="HTMLBody" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Monotype Corsiva"">M.S. Meteorology Candidate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="HTMLBody"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="doublespacedcaps" align="left" style="text-align:left;line-height:normal">
<b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Title</span></u>:</b> HAVE IMPROVEMENTS IN OZONE AIR QUALITY BENEFITTED PLANTS?<span style="font-size:14.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Major Professor</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">: Dr. Christopher D. Holmes</span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Times"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Date</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">:</span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> April 3<sup>rd</sup>, 2019
<b><u>Time</u>: 1:00 PM</b></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="HTMLBody"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class="HTMLBody"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Location</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Werner A. Baum Seminar Room (353 </span>
<span style="font-size:14.0pt">Love Building)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>(Please join us for refreshments served outside room 353 Love @ 12:30 PM)</b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b>ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;mso-ligatures:standard;mso-contextual-alternates:yes">Surface ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) is a toxic air pollutant. In the United States and Europe, among other places, policies and technology
have reduced emissions of O<sub>3 </sub>precursors the last couple decades. As a result, peak levels of O<sub>3</sub>, quantified by concentration metrics such as maximum daily average over 8 hours (MDA8), the
<span style="background:white;mso-highlight:white">accumulated </span>O<sub>3</sub><span style="background:white;mso-highlight:white"> exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40), and W126 have fallen.
</span>Influential past studies have assumed that these improvements in AOT40 and W126 imply reductions in plant injury, even though it is widely recognized that O<sub>3</sub> flux into leaves is a better predictor of plant
<span style="background:white;mso-highlight:white">at </span>damage than ambient concentration in air. Concentration metrics remain widely used because O<sub>3</sub> concentrations measurements are more common and because concentration and flux are correlated
when the variability of stomatal conductance is limited. <span style="background:white;mso-highlight:white">
We use a new dataset of O<sub>3</sub> flux into plants to quantify decadal trends in the cumulative uptake of O<sub>3</sub> (CUO) into leaf stomata for the first time. We examine 32 sites in the United States and Europe over 2005-2014 and find that the AOT40
and W126 concentration metrics decreased at 25 and 28 sites, respectively, whereas CUO increased a majority of sites (18). The divergent trends are due to stomatal control of flux, which is shaped by environmental variability. As a result, there has been no
widespread, clear improvement in CUO over 2005-2014 at the sites we can assess. We use several statistical tests to show that temporal trends and variability in CUO are uncorrelated with AOT40, W126, and mean concentration (<i>R</i><sup>2
</sup></span></span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;background:white;mso-highlight:white;mso-ligatures:standard;mso-contextual-alternates:yes'><m:r>≤ </m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;background:white;mso-highlight:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><img width="15" height="18" style="width:.1562in;height:.1875in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.png@01D4DB32.70159F60"></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.5pt;background:white;mso-highlight:white;mso-ligatures:standard;mso-contextual-alternates:yes">0.15).
Decreases in concentration metrics, therefore, give a falsely optimistic picture of the direction and magnitude of O<sub>3</sub> impacts on vegetation. Because of this lack of relation between flux and concentration, flux metrics should be preferred over concentration
metrics in assessments of plant injury from O<sub>3</sub>. </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt;mso-ligatures:standard;mso-contextual-alternates:yes"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">GEOS-Chem is a 3-D global atmospheric chemistry model that uses meteorological input to simulate atmospheric composition. We evaluate the model’s ability
to estimate O<sub>3</sub> deposition velocity (</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>V</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>d</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><img width="15" height="18" style="width:.1562in;height:.1875in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.png@01D4DB32.70159F60"></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">)
by running a simulation during the same period as the surface O<sub>3</sub> trend analysis. By comparing monthly output of
</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>V</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>d</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><img width="15" height="18" style="width:.1562in;height:.1875in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.png@01D4DB32.70159F60"></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">
from GEOS-Chem to our observations using the SynFlux dataset, we find that GEOS-Chem consistently underestimates
</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>V</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>d</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><img width="15" height="18" style="width:.1562in;height:.1875in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.png@01D4DB32.70159F60"></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">.
The degree of the underestimation depends on the land class type as well as the time of year. We attempt to improve the model output by prescribing the land class type within the model to match the plant functional types at the FLUXNET sites. This did not
lead to a significant improvement and in many cases, this led to a wider gap between the model and observations. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between the model and observations. Improving
</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>V</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>d</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><img width="15" height="18" style="width:.1562in;height:.1875in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.png@01D4DB32.70159F60"></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">
in the model would better estimate dry deposition of O<sub>3</sub>, which is important for simulating air quality and its impacts to humans and plants.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Shel McGuire<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Florida State University<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Academic Program Specialist<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Department of Earth, Ocean, & Atmospheric Science<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1017 Academic Way, 410 Love Building (Meteorology)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tallahassee, FL 32306<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">850-644-8582<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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